The Best Last-Minute SAT Study Tips

After weeks and weeks of studying, the SAT is finally here. The long nights and weekends you spent working with tutors, studying on your own, and convincing your parents that you’ve done your SAT prep homework are coming to an end (hopefully). And while the New SAThas made waves throughout the college admissions world, the foundation is still the same: a long exam. With the test creeping up quickly, what can you do to prepare during the few days leading up to the test? Sleep. Yes, seriously. You might think that studying a ton and staying up late will help you learn more, but that’s not always the case. By sleeping and getting more rest, you’re allowing your body to recover from the mental stimulation you go through on a daily basis. Surprisingly, you’ll learn better and retain more information by resting. While cramming the night before might help some students, it’s not the best strategy. Eat healthy meals. And I’m not talking about a Chewy bar for breakfast on the morning of the test. Waking up 30 minutes earlier so you can get a solid breakfast in can help give you the energy to last the full length of the exam. The SAT isn’t short, especially considering you’re sitting at a desk, straining your brain for a few hours at a time. Move it (and a bonus tip). Studies show a bunch of helpful information. And in this case, getting up and moving around while studying can actually help you digest the information more. Studying for math today at your desk? Study math tomorrow at the kitchen table. And the next day at Starbucks. Even if you’re sitting on the toilet, a new environment will force your body to focus on the information and not rely on your surroundings for clues. *Bonus: Sitting in the same seat everyday in class can actually help you retain information. If you sit in the back row during Econ every single time, make sure to sit in that same seat while you take exams. Studies actually have shown that you’ll remember more if you’re accustomed to what’s around you. See that crack on the wall? You might have been looking at it when the teacher was explaining supply and demand. Even a small glance during your exam might help you remember. *Extra Bonus: Don’t study in bed. Your brain naturally associates bed with sleep, so you’ll probably wind up tired, not focused, or possibly passed out, drooling on your notebook. Yes, I know I said you should sleep - but probably not best in the middle of a study session. Study Confidently. It’s normal to focus on the things you’re not so great at. But don’t neglect your strengths. Sometimes, studying what you’re good at can build positive momentum and can help you feel good about the material you’re not so great at. And while you still might get questions wrong, you’ll simply feel better about yourself, and will be more willing to put in the effort to get the questions right. So what’s next? Focus on the SAT now. Next, you can come up with your list of colleges and focus on where you want to go. If you haven’t yet, you can use ’s search to find students with similar grades and test scores as you to find out where they applied and were accepted.

The effects of personality on sports performance Essays

The effects of personality on sports performance Essays The effects of personality on sports performance Essay The effects of personality on sports performance Essay Personality Personality is all of our features added together to do each individual alone. The consequence personality has on athleticss public presentation has interested athleticss psychologists since the 1800’s. nevertheless conclusive grounds on whether personality straight affects personality has non been found. Athletes show their ain unique forms of behavior whilst take parting in athleticss public presentation. Many psychologists believe that the quality of public presentation and athletics engagement are determined by personality. A psychologist called Allport said personality is. What a adult male truly is! ’ ; Whiting subsequently added. Not what he appears to be. ’ Among recent definitions. two are of import to us: Personality is the sum sum of an individual’s features which make a human unique. ’ ( Hollander ) Personality represents those features of the individual that history for consistent forms of behavior. ’ ( Pervin. 1993 ) Marten’s Schematic View Marten’s conventional position is seen as holding three different degrees. which are all related to one another. These are: Psychological nucleus Typical responses Role-related behavior The psychological nucleus is the existent you’ . its what contains your beliefs. attitudes. involvements and values. These are seen to be comparatively stable. A typical response would be the usual ways you respond to your environment. the universe around you and the manner you handle certain state of affairss. E. g. you might acquire angry and cry after being fouled in football. as you feel it was unjust and unsportsman-like. on the other manus. you may be truly quiet and diffident when you find yourself run intoing new people. These are typical of the state of affairs and give a good penetration into your psychological nucleus. Role related behavior is determined wholly by the circumstance you find yourself in. It is the most mutable portion of your personality. Your personality will alter as your perceptual experience of the environment alterations. E. g. In the forenoon you are captaining a squad and have to demo leading accomplishments. in the eventide. you work a portion clip occupation and demand to follow instructions. Interactional View Most psychologists accept the interactionist position when explicating behavior. it says that you need to see how state of affairs and personality traits link together. It suggests when situational factors are strong. like in a punishment shoot-out in football. they are more likely to foretell behavior instead than personality. An jock may be really quiet in mundane life. but will shout and act unpredictably if they scored a victorious end. Psychodynamic Theory This attack to personality suggests that personality is made up of the witting and the unconscious. The first portion is called the id’ which stands for the natural thrust. This is the portion of your personality that is unconscious. and makes you do things without believing. E. g. a sprinter at the get downing line in an Olympic concluding may unconsciously get down to experience threatened by all of the outlooks siting on them. doing their musculuss to stop dead through high anxiousness. The 2nd portion of your personality is the self-importance. the witting portion. Then the concluding portion is your ace self-importance. which is the moral scruples you have. The effects of the self-importance and ace self-importance can be seen when a football participant wont take a punishment in a shoot-out because they are disquieted about allowing their squad down. The psychodynamic position attempts to understand the person as a whole instead thana looking at different parts of their personality. This attack isn’t used really frequently in athletics as it focuses on the grounds why we behave a certain manner. it focuses on behavior that comes from an person and ignores the athlete’s environment. This theory. nevertheless. is utile when psychologists are seeking to explicate behavior because it does assist you to understand that non all behavior is consciously under the athlete’s control.

Liberalization and Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liberalization and Iraq - Essay Example This is a far cry from what previous eras had defined for the country. In present day the people of Iraq are alleviated from burdens of decades past. These burdens were emphasized to have been political rulings that had been placed on them in the form of cruel and cold dictatorships. The main focus now is in regard to what the political differences could be between this country and others, like Britain in particular. Also, what the exact characteristics of the country use to be in post WWII until now is another question that many are investigating and defining. So, it was the people as a whole society, and the past political differences into today that are the main focus of what is being defined in this literature. The history of Iraq speaks volumes in itself. Once known as the "Cradle of Civilizationi", it was given this title due to the diverseness of the land and the many ethnicities that were found there. Furthermore, there have been many conquerors of this land and thus many different political beliefs as well. From times dating back to 3360 it is found the Sumerians were in control of this region, then moving forward in time to 1534-1922 it is found that the Ottoman Empire (a Turkish power) ruled supreme over the territory thus influencing Iraq and its people to carry similar political beliefs of a Turkish belief systemii. This was of course until the Ottoman Empire collapsed during WWI and the British Political Party gained control over the region. However, times changed rather fiercely over a changing period, allowing for power of the land to continuously switch hands as wars took place (some religious and some between other countries), and various societal views changed. Nevertheless, the British Empire had a strong dominance in the Middle East for a good period of time. Furthermore, they had a good part to play in the Arab revolt that took place, due to the fact that they were trying to liberalize the politics and policies of the country and it simply wasn't something the Iraqi people wanted at that time. Therefore, the British forces realized that they were going to be up against a Muslim uprising due to their tactics. In many ways, this could be presumed to have been a form of independence instead of liberalization for the Middle Eastern part of the world, though not wholly so.iii It was during this period that there developed the identity of the Arabs and the Muslims. History shows that the Brits had the support of the Arabs on their side, which led to the religious war that was rather what took place in the Middle East during the period of WWI, WWII, and continuing on into post WWII. Obviously it was these very actions that led to the split in r eligious beliefs between Iran and Iraq. The Shiite, Kurd, and Sunni religions developed but what the Brits had hoped for did not take place as the Shiite people; nor any of the other groups were in favor of British political beliefs either and where found to be Anti-British just as much so as the Muslim Religious leaders wereiv. The reason for this was in a large part due to the huge religious differences between western thought (Britain) and the Iraqi's, as well as Iranian citizens. Some remarkable historical differences between Britain and the Iraqi people is the fact that the Iraqi's have lived their lives surrounded by

Marketing in the digital age-Kodak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing in the digital age-Kodak - Essay Example It was only in the year 1892 that the company was renamed as Eastman Kodak Company of New York, only to be formed again under the New Jersey law as Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey. Kodak expanded its operation and grew gradually by its low cost mass production concept, international distribution, extensive advertising and customer centric business policy. The initial years of the company was dedicated to the production and supply of low cost photography tools and make it available to the common people. It was not long before the company understood the true potential of the world market. Based on this fact the company expanded its operation to rest of USA, only to be followed by marketing in France, Germany, Italy and other European countries. As of today, Kodak has expanded its manufacturing operations in South America, Europe and Asia. Kodak has great exposure and popularity in the motion picture industry as well. Most of the movies are shot in Kodak film and the company has received 8 Academy Awards for scientific and technical excellence. Over the years especially in the early 1900s Kodak made lot of technical advancement in the world of photography. Kodak Developing Machine was introduced, which helped in processing films without a dark room. It also introduced the Non-Curling film, which has dominated the world of amateur photography for more than 30 years. Aerial cameras were developed by Kodak, which was extensively used during the World War 1. Along with the technical development the company was also doing well financially, with its worldwide employment crossing the figure of 20,000. The thirst for development in the field of photography and its accessories was never ending for Kodak. The company went on introducing new technology and products both for the consumers, the motion picture industry and for business use. It was in

The Phenomenal Growth of California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Phenomenal Growth of California - Essay Example After 1940, approach towards boosted advanced technology such as aerospace and electronics industries was a significant move towards improvement. Consisting of talented soldiers, a military also became readily available for the state, increasing its status and stability (Deverell and Igler 3). The film stars of Hollywood and a numerous amount of high – standard movies added up to make California the hot spot and a center of attention from the globe. California became an American cultural phenomenon; the idea of the â€Å"California Dream† as a part of the massive American Dream of finding a better living attracted 35 million new residents from the start to the end of the 20th century (1900 – 2010). Silicon Valley became the world’s one of the biggest and vital midpoint for computer innovation and production. Over the next 25 years, California’s population would grow by about 500,000 per year, and overtook New York as the nation’s largest state in 1963.  Ã‚  Many couples had two or more children, which fueled a â€Å"baby boom.†Ã‚  Ã‚  These growing families generated ever-growing demand for places to live, transportation facilities, and education. Housing was in short supply immediately after the war. In response, suburban communities sprang up and spread prodigiously based on advert of mass produced housing. The Westchester district of Los Angeles was a prime example of a community built by mass - produced housing (Kolko, Neumark and Mejia 25).   Ã‚   A better transportation system was needed to serve this growing economy.  Ã‚  In 1940, the first freeway was opened.  Freeway development resumed after a wartime suspension.  Ã‚  In 1947 the Collier-Burns Act raised the gasoline tax, which enabled significant freeway construction growth.  Ã‚  In the 1950s and 1960s, in addition to the tremendous growth of urban freeway systems in the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay

Leadership And Change Management

Leadership And Change Management Leadership is a sequence of multidirectional, reciprocal influence processes among many individuals at different levels, in different subunits and within executive teams (Yukl 1994, p. 459). It is the way to acheive the gaol and motivate the people to do best. Leadership is the source of inspiration and it shows the action and way of acts to do. Leadership is considered as a product of complex social relationships (Dachler 1988). Current theoretical approaches on leadership research is concern about a greater extent role of leadership research which describe and give some understanding and recommends for effective leader behaviour and normative models. They focus more on explanations of leadership processes, describing leader behaviours, and present why behaviours occur in certain situations. If there are behavioural recommendations are available it means this is usually done more carefully and rarely without any philosophy that anything is possible. Current leadership theories are a ccepting the limits which have leader influence. The best leaders are those most interested in surrounding themselves with assistants and associates smarter than they are. They are frank in admitting this and are willing to pay for such talents.(Amos Parrish). Leader is a person who rules or guides or inspires others(Andrew, 2007). A leader is a person having personality which others want to follow him. They may not always make right decisions but they are confident in hte decion making and they know when they should change their directions and why. Even after a few mistakes a leader will not lose his or her followers confidence . Leaders are recognised, not chosen or selected. In short, leaders have something extraordinary in their personality to inspire their followers. They have the qualities that the others dont have. It is an intengible characteristic that cannot be explained. But hte truth is that when we see it, we will recognise it. Contemporary theoretical concepts have assumptions that leadership has to be understood. Following Hunts classification leadership approaches on a continuum from objectivistic to subjectivistic (Hunt 1991), they are more likely to present it as subjectivistic purpose. If traditional patterns of explanation included in the content of newer approaches, contemporary theories, these are generally have to be understood as an advantage of classical theory. There are some particular people that others follow them, they like there style, work and extraordinary activities. If we look at organisational events, there is someone who have the leadership qualities, these are people who are willing to order and tell the other people what they have to do and what to do, and have the respect of other people or gain that respect. Many images made by inspirations from leadership. They have their own identity and fame in the world. Special individuals like, Hitler, Jinnah, Gandhi or Napoleon. The story around these people show that they passed from so many crisis where acts of one person who is the leading peosonality, are meaningful and people admire to follow decision of their leader. Leaders have the ability to decide, what can do and what they have to do and they deliver thier message to others to communicate and pass thier message to others. When these are absent or cannot deliver their ideas then there may be problem. Quality of leadership is success of groups and organisations. There are so many definitions for the leadership quality. There are so many leadership qualities and four main things are to lead influence on others. Second, where there are leaders and there are followers as well. Third, leaders must appear or involve when there is crisis or special problem. The leaders have quality that they se em to come visible when an innovative action from other side is required. Fourthly, leaders are the people who know that what they have to do and what they should do in future and why they should impliment their stretegy. So, leaders are the people who have clear vision about the thinking and decision that what they should do in uncertain situations and who have the effecting personility in the actions, thoughts and positive views and thinking of others. In this case, leaders qualities are personal. It depends on individuals qualities and actions. Leader can be manager or expert. May be not all managers can be leaders and not all leaders can be managers. In literature of leadership there have been four generations of theories: Trait theories. Behavioural theories. Contingency theories. Transformational theories. Leaders are person who are able to explain themselves(Warren Bennis,2004). If we get the knowledge about the lives of people who have marked that they are the great personalities or great effective leaders, it make it clears that they have very different qualities. If we think about political personalities like Nelson Mandela, Ghandi, Margeret Thatcher and Mao Zedong then we will confirm that these are the personalities who have great impact on the followers. The general qualities or traits should be in leaders. Stogdill (1948) and Mann (1959) reported in a survey that many studies have resulted that the personality and characteristics differentiate leaders from thier followers(Stogdill,1948). John Gardner(1989) studied a large number of North American organisations and leaders and conclude that there are some qualities or behaviours that appear in a leader. These include:  · Physical, mentally and mind making stamina  · Most Intelligence and action taking judgement  · Crucuial to accept responsibility and challenges  · Task accepting  · Understanding of people and meet and fullfil their needs  · Skill in communication with people and followers.  · Courage to acheive their goal  · Courage to motivate people  · Resolution  · Trustable personality and attitude  · Courage to decieve  · Self confidence . Couraging personality  · Challenges accepting personality We mostly have heard that leaders lists concerns their apparent maleness (Rosener, 1997). Rarely, we heard that women is leader. The attributes which are related with leadership are mostly male. May be the leadership characteristics are gendered and mostly these characteristics are in male. The behaviour of leader also counts. They moved from leader to leadership. If leaders are liked and respected then they can have more support and backup from their followers. The successful leadership is based on definable and learnable behaviours i.e, leaders are made, not born. These extensive and systematic studies aimed to identify behaviors associated with effective group leadership. Blake and Mouton (1964) developed the Managerial Grid which categorised leaders based on their dominant behaviours. These researchers were making progress in indentifying what behavior distinguished from followers. These behaviours could be taught. That is why these researchers conclude that leaders are made, not born. Although behavioural approaches to leadership offered a wider scope than trait theory. Researchers are unable to identify a specific set of leadership behaviours. Contingency Theory operates on the premise that the leaders ability is based on different situations and the structure of the task at hand of the leaders (Fred Feidler,2001). Fred Feidler argued that leader effectiveness depends on two related factors one is that the leadership style and the education or situation which force the person to become a leader. He also developed a scale (LPC) to measure the degree to which a persons leadership style tended towards the followers. There are four leader behaviours: directives, supportive, participative and achievement oriented and also attempts to account for many more achievement factors than previous studies (R.J.House and T.R.Mitchells Path goal Theory (1974)). Path goal theory explain how and why certain leader behaviours result in desired outcomes. This theory suggest that leaders are basically responsible for helping their followers develop behaviours that leads to achieve their goal or desired outcome. Victor.H.Vroom and Philip. W. Yetton (1973) suggest the use of co-operative decision making in an organisational context. They create a decion tree to answer the questions about the nature of the followres and problem to be resolved. A leader can determine what sort of leadership style should be used by following the useful ideas of the decision tree. Transactional leadership is basically in contingncy and is contingnt upon performance . The leader, who have power and control over his or her employees or followers, provides new ideas or suggestions for followers to do what the leader wants. The research depends on its limitations. Transactional approach is carried on with the supply and demand situation. However, transactional leadership is less effective than others and it needs more approaches. Transactional leadership works on the assumption that people follow the person who inspires them. The latter is a process in which all leaders and followers can help and familiarise everyone with the new ideas and their thoughts (Jamess. Burns ,1978). He introduced the concepts of both transactional and transformational leadership. This approach creates significance change in the life of people and organisations. (Bernard.M. Bass, 1985) contrasts transformational leadership with transactional leadership. While transactional leadership simply involves an exchange that leads to desired outcomes, transformational leadership motivates the people to do more than expectations( Bass, 1985). Recent theories on leadership are the process in which leaders are not considered as individuals in charge of the followers, but are consider as members of a community of practice. This community can be defined that the people combine their ideas and share history and familiarise the people with the way of communication. This model of leadership do not concentrate on the concept of dominance, motivation and influence which are the primary situations of leadership. If the workgroup is one where groups of people are engaged in activity together then leadership becomes the process of coordinating efforts. In todays world of corporate America, mostly people belief that it is possible to provide the education facility to make them a leader. But In my point of view Leaders are born not made(Adison,1995 ). We mostly see the people in promoted. But in many there are no special qualities to effect or attract the people or their followers (Everett Lockhart). Nowadays we have a lot of managers and supervisor but there are few which are leader and having leadership qualities. Sure, everyone can be a good manager or supervisor but everyone by nature is a manager or supervisor(Everett Lockhart, 1991). It is not the case that every leader is a manager first, but it is also can be possible that leader can give up the information to the manager and the fact is that, everyone by nature having management and supervising personality and qualities. We often point out one person and say, now he is a leader, without thinking that how the person becomes leaders? And how they can attract the people. Sometimes we can say that it is the genetic quality which is in some of the people or we can say that it may be God gifted quality. Those people have this gene, they get to lead. They have all the ability to make decision. There is some good saying that Leadership DNA is myth. There are the natural or God gifted abilities in the leaders personality. These abilities are present in some of us other do not have these abilities and qualities which leads to leadership. The main quality in the leadership is that they have command to give up their ideas and they know how and which ideas effect the people. The desire to lead is the motivational quality that put them to lead the followers. Obviously there are people who dominate on their followers. They dominate on them because of abilities and good decision-making. They are the good and attractive leaders among us and have the excellent performance. Leadership is the collection of skills that produce results. They are able to identify the requirement of their followers and they direct them on the right way to success. Leaders can learn leadership ideas and can get all the information in so many ways for example it also provide training observation on other leaders. Self study etc. Development is the key factor which opens the leadership getaway. It is the an increase in skills or abilities and a continuously learning process through life experiences. No one can be a leader just by saying that I am a leader. Leadership needs to be work hard. The main keys of leadership are as follows; Leadership involves in the critical situations and solve them by giving ideas. So good leaders analyse and plan and adapt their plans to new conditions and opportunities. Leaders have a vision and they share their vision as well. A leader takes charge. They cannot just talk a good game to be a leader; they also can take ac and take effective action for the good of our small business and leader inspires through example. In conclusion, leaders are the effective personalities. Their act, behaviour and decision making policies show their leadership qualities. There are some classical view also in this leadership overview. In which its described that how commentators have searched for special leading personalities and behaviours and look at the different circumstances. Classical views of leadership tend to identified by position. Where, leaders become focus for answers and solution. People look at them when they dont know what to do. They give direction and have vision. Leaders have special qualities. These create the difference between leaders and followers. This leadership view stands for forms of organisations that are common in business. Where the purpose is to achieve the goal in short period of time. Classical leaders can have a more participating style. They have power and opportunity to take responsibilities. It can be a great- man model of leadership. The leadership traits or qualities discussed are honesty, forward-looking, competent, inspiring and intelligent. (Kouzes and Posner, 1984). These qualities are strongly correlated with people. Leaders are made, they are not born. They are made by hard effort, which is the price which all of us must pay to achieve any goal that is worthwhile. (Vince Lombardi). True leaders are rare. This is because of combination of skills, personality and ambition. Some personality traits are natural in leaders roles. This is the trait theory. Extraordinary qualities in an ordinary person which help him or her to leadership. This is the Great Events Theory. People can learn leadership skills. This is the Transformational Leadership Theory(Bernard Bass and Don Clark,2010). These thories discribes the leadership traits. Leadership And Change Management Leadership And Change Management Change refers to any alteration which occurs in over all work environment of an organization. It may relate to change in technology, organizational structure, working processes, work environment, organizational policy and even the roles people play. Introduction of change in one part in an organization forces change in other part. If the change is beneficial people accept it willingly. If it is not desirable, there is great resistance. If it is of no consequence to the people, they may adopt an attitude of indifference. If they consider the change detrimental to their growth and prosperity, they may resist through counter pressure. This reaction is based not necessarily on the reality or facts but on their perception. The change therefore should be sufficiently strong enough to overcome the counter pressure. Due to advancement of technology and social environment change has become a necessity. If the change takes place, a balance or equilibrium is achieved by the organization. Thus p eople learn to expect various environment relationships within the organization. They learn adaptation. The essence is that when people feel that there is need to change, and when they change, they actually are adjusting to changed situation thus equilibrium is achieved with the changed environment. This process carries on and is never ending because change takes place continuously. 1.1 Change Processes 1Lewin developed a theoretical structure to deal with change process and carried out a program of search on change. The result was a good theory that has indeed turned out to be very practical. Recent work suggests that Lewins force-field analysis applies within a limited domain and that Lewins views are less applicable beyond the boundaries of that domain. Lewins views on change came under attack as simplistic and outmoded, but today they continue to receive strong support (Burnes 2004) 1.2 Lewins Force Field Theory of change 2As we know a wide variety of forces make organizations resistance to change and a wide variety of forces push organizational change. According to his force-field theory, these two sets of forces are always in opposition in an organization. When the forces are evenly balanced, the organization is in state of inertia and does not change. To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change or do both simultaneously. Any of these strategies will overcome inertia and cause an organization to change. The following figure illustrates Lewins theory. An organization at performance level P1 is in balance: forces for change and resistance to change are equal. Management , however ,decides that the organization should strive to achieve performance level P2.To get level P2 , managers must increase the forces for change(the increase is represented by lengthening of up-arrows) ,reduce resistance to change(the reduction is represented by shortening of down-arrows),or do both. If they pursue any of the three strategies successfully, the organization will change and reach performance level P2. 1.3 Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Evolutionary change is gradual, incremental and narrowly focused. Evolutionary change involves not drastic or sudden altering of the basic nature of an organizations strategy and structures but a constant attempt to improve, adapt, and adjust strategy and structures but a constant attempt to improve, adapt, and adjust strategy and structure incrementally to accommodate to changes taking place in the environments. Revolutionary Change is rapid, dramatic and broadly focused. Revolutionary change involves a bold attempt to quickly find new ways to be effective. It is likely to result in a radical shift in ways of doing things, new goals and new structure. It has repercussions at all levels in the organization-corporate, divisional, functional, group and individual. Reengineering, restructuring and innovation are three important instruments of revolutionary change. 2.0 My Organizations study 3The history of Nokia goes back 1865 when the company was established as a forest industry enterprise in south-western Finland on the Nokia River by a mining engineer called Frerik Idestam.This was not particularly remarkable event as numerous forest industry enterprise existed in Finland at the time. Later, Nokia came into contact with two enterprises that were outside the traditional forest industry. These firms were the Finnish Rubber works Ltd (founded 1898) and the Finnish Cable Works Ltd (founded in 1912).The gradual concentration of the ownership of these companies led in 1966 to the establishment of Nokia Corporation, into which all the above-mentioned companies were merged. Nokia grew fairly rapidly in 1970s and 1980s, partly because of the then-flourishing (bilateral) Soviet trade, which was boosted by the oil crises in 1973 and 1980.When the Soviet trade collapsed in 1991.Nokia ran into difficulties. Serious consideration was given to selling Nokia in its entirely to the Swedish company Ericsson , but the merger did not materialize .Nokias solution to the crises was to concentrate on the production of the electronics( and thus to abandon the production of paper and pulp ,tires , rubber boots ,cables and so on) ,to invest massively in R D and to adapt a new management strategy that relied extensively on domestic and foreign subsidiaries and subcontractors .Nokia also actively sought to become a genuinely international firm By Finnish standards , the management strategy was really revolutionary because previously companies had tried to be as self-sufficient as possible in production .Nokia decided to concentrate solely on final product and on the high tech end of the production .Nokias new strategy also involved investment in R D .Besides investing heavily in research and development , Nokia created a very useful network of research contacts between universities and itself .This cooperation has been of great benefit to both Nokia and Finnish universities. Currently , Nokia accounts for more than 20 percent of Finlands total exports and its growth contribution is estimated at 1.5 percent .Nokia alone accounts for about 40 percent of the R D expenditures by private enterprises in Finland .Moreover , it accounts for 70 percent of the stock market value of the Helsinki Stock market Almost 60 percent of Nokias workforce is currently outside Finland .Its success shows up most dramatically in its earnings and market capitalization values. Thus, in 1999 Nokias profits equaled the combined profits of its two main rivals Ericsson and Motorola and its market capitalization was over $ 200 million almost twice Finlands GDP 2.1 Nokia Environmental Analysis There are several forces surrounding the external environment of Nokia including demographic, economical, natural, social-cultural, technological and political-legal environment The Demographic Forces 4Population-wise, Europe is made up of five largish countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain) , with Germany well ahead with some 82 million inhabitants. The rest are small countries with only Netherland qualifying as middle-sized country. Urbanization is highest in Belgium and Israel and lowest in Switzerland, Finland, and Italy. This is modestly correlated with population density , the Netherlands being the most crowded , followed closely by Belgium and then three of the big five: the United Kingdom ,Germany , and Italy; the least crowded countries are Sweden and Finland The Economical Forces People in Europe are reasonably wealthy and income distribution between people is relatively even. Growing economy in Europe leads to increasing income of the people. People will buy more luxury goods (such as mobile phones).If the economy of Europe is in decline the average income will not increase and even more likely to decrease. In this case the people will have less money for luxurious goods and will spent less on mobile phones, which would be very negative for Nokia Nokia has big share in European market which is 37% which is now heavily hit by global economic recession. This has affected customers potential to buy mobile phones which in turn causes in reduction in Nokias profit. As we know technological innovation is the main competence of Nokia but due to this recession Nokia is spending less on R D budget in this way Nokia is losing its competitive advantage and may signal to move away from product differentiation which is a chief outcome of Nokia R D activity Nokia has strongly differentiated product and services at the same time Nokia is the cost leader too, as product differentiation is capital intensive while the differences with the cost savings are inevitable in these conditions these two strategies are usually incompatible .Nokia product differentiation strategy has also diminished due to the introduction of Iphone, flip phones, RAZR etc 5Nokia is not focusing on the following issues in the rapidly changing economic environment, Technological invention of a new substitute product like IPod, Iphone A foreign governments adverse economic policy affecting the companys product Diversification by high profile organization into the companys existing products Slowing down in the market growth Change in the habits and tastes of the consumers Potentially damaging demographic changes Changing technology and digital convergence 6In this rapidly changing world, Nokia is facing challenging threats on which they need to focus. The biggest threat for Nokia in Europe is the increasing mature market in Western Europe. Almost everyone in Western Europe has a mobile phone and there are a lot of competitors on the market. If Nokia wants to keep their market share it have to keep innovative, keep working on their image and most important they should keep listening to their customers. The danger of mobile phone radiation through wireless electronics is not more a fantasy. For instance, the new way to communicate per internet gains more and more fans 7Technological development of mobile phones is an important technological force because the technology in the mobile phone business is constantly innovating and developing which can lead to big chances for Nokia .There is a constant research going on within the mobile phone business to try to develop new gadgets and new systems for mobile phones. Nokia has to be aware of these developments, because when the competitors develop a new gadget that Nokia does not it means that the competitors will have a comparative advantage over Nokia. The technological development of substitutes is important when there will be a new developed substitute, it can mean that people will buy this product instead of Nokia mobile phone and so sales for Nokia will drop along with the profit 8According to Nokia due to fast speed internet information technology ,media ,music and mobile communications are converging to one industry.Net books and other computer based products are posing new threats of substitute for Nokia as phones and PCs become more homogenous. The customers are becoming more sophisticated due to rapidly changing technological environment and now Nokia can heralds the threats of mighty Microsoft who has more experience and resources as compared to relatively in-experience Nokia which may result in comparative disadvantage for Nokia. Through merger and acquisition Nokia can overcome this threat which still Nokia is not considering. Nokia is financially very strong company, there is need for the company to enter into new markets to achieve new experience and market shares by overcoming the weak rivals. Nokia new possible target can be Acer which has 11.9% share in the notebook market (Kwong, 2009) 9The advancement of new technologies is also creating new threats in the areas of security. Nokia can provide security by creating sound business practices and careful processes. The companys threat scenarios include as the worst root causes of threats: Employees who are careless and over-trusting Sub-contractors who also work with the companys competitors and implement lax security measures Poor information security that compromises data Industrial espionage by competitors, either alone or with the assistance of state investigation agencies Social engineering specifically as a means of industrial espionage Specific environments in so-called emerging markets which pose new threats to personnel security such as kidnappings and ransom activities and can give rise to large-scale armed robbery of valuable cargoes The Political-Legal Forces Finnish law European law Domestic laws in each of Nokias foreign markets International Laws Health regulations Because Nokia is a Finnish company and has its headquarters in Finland, the board of directors has to be run in accordance with The Finnish law. Since Nokia is also an international company, it has to comply with the international laws such European law, International laws are actually a collection of treaties, conventions and agreements between nations .Nokia must also comply with every foreign countrys domestic laws , which it is doing business with laws affect every aspect of Nokias business product safety, consumer protection dealing with competition , packaging and labeling and advertising etc Legislation is useless if it is not enforced. Nokia has to know the legal environment because it constitutes as the rules of the game. At the same time, it must know the political environment because it determines how the laws are enforced and indicates the direction of new legislation. Health regulations are also important because of danger of mobile phone radiation and the way Nokia has to handle with this threat. The natural Forces Environmental Issues are something that has become more important in the last few years. People are becoming more aware of pollution and want companies to do something about that. Nokia should be aware of this growing sense of awareness for the environment and should change the ways of production and should focus on producing environmental friendly products. The Social-Cultural Forces The population is very diverse. People can be divided into different subcultures that have several ways to spend their money .Subcultures could be different age groups ,interest group and immigrants .They have also different attitudes towards mobile communication Trends in the market 10During the last few years, multimedia applications, such as camera, Mp3 player or radio have become trends that reveal the shape of the future and provide many opportunities for new mobile phones. The crucial factors in fad period are features feel , look ,shape ,coolness especially for teenagers. One example of fad is Nokia N-Gage .This is a mobile phone and a game computer as well .It failed because it could not compete with big game device manufacturers such as Nintendo Consumer Buying Behaviour The changes of such personal factors like age, family life cycle or social class and changes of reference groups unquestionably influence the buying behaviour on the whole mobile phone market and corresponding on Nokias target market. Nokia should know this and has to develop solutions for all these life circumstances 11Global changes like changes of consumer needs, tastes and preferences, the emergence of new technology or nay new development in the marketing environment could potentially affect the fortunes of brand .Nokia also made a straightforward mistake: It didnt produce the clamshell-design mobile phones that customers wanted. And the customers jumped ship so that the companys sales Went down .Consequently, Nokia faced a loss of $6 billion in equity . Nokia faced a very difficult time particularly in year 2004.There were many drawbacks in Nokia strategies like failure to read market trends and act according to these trends. Also Nokia was not up to the demands of his customers which wants innovation in the designs of Nokia sets. The old days were Nokia classic style dominated the market are not returning and company needs to accept it .Nokia always insist on removing some functions or screwing up the keypad. For customers sometimes it is frustrating to have some phones with Bluetooth support but not having Wireless LAN, mp3 support but no FM, camera but no Mp3 and etc .As a result Nokia has lost customers, average sales prices have fallen .Therefore Nokia decided to change its policy in developed and emerging markets 3.0 Assessment of Implementation of change Issues 12Nokia the worlds biggest mobile manufacturer , had a bad year in 2004.Its shares lost over half their value between march and August-from a high of $23 to a low of $11 on 13 August-its sales declined and its market share, having stabilized around 35 percent for many years , fell to a low of 28.9 per cent. And in April 2004, one of its main rivals Samsung over took Nokia in market capitalization. However, some commentators thought that Nokias decline began even earlier than this. Sales peaked at  £ 30.4bn in 2000 when 128m phones were sold. In 2003 despite selling 179m handsets revenues was  £29.5bn .Samsung in contrast was able to achieve higher average selling prices for its photos, even though its volume were lower Although some thought that Nokias problems were partly because it had reached saturation in its main markets as well as facing increased competition, others laid the blame for Nokias problems at the companys strategy of focusing on high volume, lower price sales and ignoring design. The needs of increasingly fashion-conscious young mobile phone owners were ignored and Nokia was accused of missing the change from brand to style. This is surprising given that Nokia had previously been the pioneer of the handset as a fashion item with choices of colors and styles. But in 2003/2004 Nokia was sticking to its traditional monobloc or candy bar format for its handsets; meanwhile his rivals were bringing out more innovative models A particular problem was demand for folding calm-shell phones , especially in Asia and North America .Motorolas RAZR v3 model , a slim-line design with stylish aluminum shell , was a particular hit with consumers .Nokia has admitted that it failed to anticipate how successful clamshells would be .But other design features were also missing. Cameras , high-quality colour screens and user interface , that had formerly been streets ahead of the competition , were all less well developed than they needed to be .This meant that previously loyal customers were forced to turn to competitions models. I think Nokia just does not seem to have changed its look much over the last 10 years Nokias design problems happened at the same time as mobile phone service providers were wanting customized handsets as a means of increasing their own brand differentiation .Operator specific handsets are normally locked to prevent them being used by another operators network thereby attempting to boost customer loyalty as well as security .Operators in Europe and America were contracting with smaller Asians original design manufacturers to provide handsets to their own design specifications .And Vodafone , the worlds largest mobile services provider ,chose to provide its Vodafone live data services on handsets supplied by sharp. Similar problems affected the development of 3G services Japanese and South Korean companies were some years ahead in this technology .Vodafone for one choose Samsung and Sony Ericsson to supply its 3G handsets as a result .And Hutchison Whampoas there , a new entrant to the 3G market in Europe ,declined to sell Nokias handset because it lacked video-calling capabilities to embrace customized handsets was actually the result of technological factors .Given Nokias reliance on volume and sale ,it could not make different handsets for individual operators without a reorganization of its value chain .Until 2005 this was oriented towards large-scale production of relatively undifferentiated handsets .It preferred to hold off adding new features , such as high-quality colours screens or higher-resolution cameras ,until the components were available in large volumes. It also preferred to customize handsets through software .Its series 60 software, which is run on high-end phones is especial ly configurable, allowing the same hardware to support providers various services However ,the shock appeared to stimulate Nokia into making the necessary changes .It has since moved into operator-focused hardware customization despite its preferences for software customization and made the changes to its logistics system .Nokias new modular hardware designs made it easier for the company to customize products faster , and it set a target for 50 percent of its products to have alternative designs such as clamshells ,sliders and swivels by the end of 2005.One of its products the Nokia 6230 was so popular that Nokia was at times unable to meet demand and Nokia became a beehive of experiments. It launched a range of innovative handsets ,the N-series ,which had additional features as well as being phones and its 770 Internet Tablet is a hand-held computer that does not contain a phone at all but supports web-browsing e-mail and voice-over-internet calls using Google Talk software and Wi-Fi technology .Nokias then CEO Jorma Ollila has since retired directed R D to are as where Nokia had particular strengths for example radio technology and mobile-phone software ,not wasting it on technologies that the company could buy it .In 2004 it spent more than $4.8bn on R D of which 60 percent on software .At 12.8 percent of sales Nokia R D ratio was 3 percent higher than Motorolas and about twice that of Sony Nokia now the largest Camera Company in the world and convergence means that its phones provide music-playing, video-recording and computing facilities so that its competitors include Apple, Sony, Canon and other consumer-electronics firms .By may 2006 Nokia described as having a renewed spring in its step .Its market share has recovered to 35 percent 4.0 Analysis Conclusions 13In the environmental analysis, we took into account the different environmental forces which have impact on Nokia. Nokia has a very strong position in the mobile phone market in Europe. It is a strong brand because of their good quality products and powerful image and has just few weaknesses However, changes in consumer needs, preferences or too fast development of new technologies, could have negative impact on the consumer buying behavior in Nokias segment. Nokia should be prepared for it Currently Nokia sells its products in over 130 countries. The company divides the market not only into geographical and behavioral qualities of the customers are similar-to better satisfy their needs .Sometimes Nokia has a wrong strategy to keep its customers .Nokia removes some functions in its phone so that customers have the need for more .Moreover after producing new models Nokia sometimes does not focus enough on their positioning through advertising and packaging .Nevertheless, Nokia is still has the one of the best brand value in the world .The customer-based brand equity is also positive , people still prefer Nokia among the others .Customers have many associations with Nokia brand which differentiate it from other competitors .Competition is fierce and many competitors are attacking against Nokia to become the market leader .However ,Nokia has several advantages over its competitors such as economies of scales and innovative high technology .Europe is its home market ,Nokia has good possibilities to succeed and maintain its market leader position also in the future .However it cannot make misjudgments anymore. Now it is aware of the threats. It has to observe and predict what is happening in its environment and be sensitive in listening to its customers and trends

Reversal of Characters in A Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays

Reversal of Characters in A Tale of Two Cities When writing a book, authors often focus on a central issue or theme. However, other themes develop through the course of the piece, either consciously or subconsciously. One such theme is a reversal of characters in A Tale of Two Cities. Individuals and groups of people change dramatically from the outset of the book all the way up to its conclusion. Three of the most obvious changes in character are Sydney Carton, Madame DeFarge, and the French people as a whole. Sydney Carton is first described at Darnay's trial as not paying attention to what's going on, sort of an oaf. He is portrayed as a drunk, and even admits this to Darnay on their "date." However, love, they say, is strong; Carton's love for Lucy changed him greatly though the course of the novel. He stopped drinking when he visited, and even pledged his life to her, and everyone she loved. Carton changed even more dramatically when death on the guillotine was approaching. He waxed philosophical about the future, and even quoted a few scriptures. This is most certainly not the man first seen at the Old Bailey with the sideways wig. Another interesting change took place in the character of Madame Defarge. She is first portrayed as a woman of principle who is helping her husband with the revolution. However, Madame Defarge makes a startling metamorphosis from supporting character to antagonist when she is revealed to be the shadow. She is shown to be cruel and petty, not the compassionate woman one would assume of a leader of a revolution against tyranny. This part of the novel casts a shadow of doubt over the rest of the characters, and one begins to question the validity of all the characters. Finally, the French people themselves start out as downtrodden and miserable victims of a corrupt system. But it is illustrated that they could be just as heartless as their rich counterparts, the aristocrats, when it came down to it. For example, anyone who was an aristocrat, or even associated with aristocrats, was sentenced to death. As the novel went on, the French people

David Ricardo: Law of Diminishing Returns Essay

David Ricardo, a 17 century English political economist, is considered an extremelyinfluential classical economist along with Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus. Ricardo was bornon the 27th April 1772 and helped develop key economic theories until his death on the 11thSeptember 1823 1. Ricardo grew up in a dominate English family where his father was also aneconomist, Ricardo credits his father and the reading of Adam Smith’s book The Wealth ofNations for his interest of the social science, economics2. Ricardo did not reach immediate fame,in fact it quite the opposite. It was not until age 37 when Ricardo first published his views oneconomics, after he reached the milestone of publishing his first article he continued to work anddeveloped his theories, it was ten years later, at the age 47 when most say Ricardo reached hispeak of fame. While developing economic theories Ricardo worked on the Stock Exchange inLondon, this increased his wealth, by the time he was 42 he was completely retired from theexchange and his sole focus was surrounding economic 3. In the remainder of this essay I willexamen some of Ricardo’s economic theories with a focus on the law of diminishing returns. David Ricardo is responsible for the creation as well as the development of a number ofkey economic theories which allowed past and current economist to better understand todaysever changing economy. The three accomplishments that Ricardo has received most credit for arethe labor theory of value, the law of diminishing return as well as the Barro Ricardo equivalence4. The labor theory of values are a set of theories that suggests that the value of any good orservice is equal to the amount of labor that was put in to the good or service either directly orindirectly to produce it. The labor theories of value were furthered developed by Ricardo as wellas fellow classical economists including Adam Smith, the Labor theory of value is not commonlyused in current times and instead it has been replaced with the marginal utility approach. The third law or theory that Ricardo helped develop is the law of diminishing returns, thelaw of diminishing returns is a simple theory however it is imperative that it is observed by firmsas it can cause great financial loss. According to the law of diminishing returns, while in aproduction system with fixed and variable inputs including factory size and the size of the  workforce each additional input will create a lesser and lesser output as the additional input increases6. Ricardo was an economist who was responsible for the development of the law ofdiminishing return. Ricardo developed this theory with other classical economists of his timewhich some of the most notable being Johann Heinrich von Thà ¼nen, Turgot and finally ThomasMalthus. The idea was first developed by Ricardo when he used the example of agricultureproducts to demonstrate his ideas into a working theory. All Ricardo, von Thà ¼nen, Turgot andMalthus lived in a time where land was a valuable, scares and needed. This helped this group ofeconomists develop the law of diminishing return because these economists were worries that asland was in diminishing supply this factor of production would run out and cause diminishingreturns. In order for firms to continue to grow their product they must move to location to a lessfertile location which boasts poor soil, this will lead to the agriculture firm needing to put moremoney into growth steroids for the product or good they grow. This over time with out questionwill diminish the returns received. This is how the theory that is still in place and consideredvaluable today was founded and developed by several key classical economists includingRicardo, von Thà ¼nen, Turgot and Malthus. I will now demonstrate the idea of the law of diminishing return in a example of a t-shirtproducing firm. If a shirt producing firm was to start off with one worker who can produce ten t-shirts in a hour the this workers marginal benefit would be ten. If the owner of the firm decide hewanted to increase his workforce to two workers. When the owner does this he finds that withtwo employees their output grows to a combined 25 t-shirts per hour, this gives he new employeea marginal benefit of 15. This pattern will continue until a number is met that can not keep upwith fixed variables of production. In this case we will say that the fixed factors of productionwill allow for up to three workers to be employed and be able to grow at a increasing rate. Withthree workers the group will be able to produce up to 45 t-shirts in an hour, giving the thirdworker a marginal benefit of 20. As the fixed factors of production will only be able to handlethree workers and work up to full potential. The next worker that is added will not increase theoutput at the  same level as the others would as the fixed factors of production will not be able tohandle the work load to a maximum level. The now team of 4 would be only able to make a totalof 60 t- shirts effectively rendering the fourth employes marginal benefit to be 15. The fifth willbe added, 70 t-shirts will me made in an hour and the marginal benefit will become 10 as there isa 10 unit increase in the product from when there were five workers. This downgrade willcontinue until to many workers are employed and the additional workers are have negativemarginal benefits. This is an example of what will happen once a sixth worker is added. Whenthe sixth worker is added there will be an output of 60 shirts in an hour giving the sixth workeran marginal benefit of negative 10. This is when a firm will be operating at a loss as they will bepaying an extra employee money to decrease the total output of the firm. This can be changed byletting on of the six workers go as they will then be making more out and paying less employeesthis equals more money for the firm to spend as they feel needed. This same idea can be seen inappendix I. The law of diminishing return can only take place in the in the short run. This is becausethe law of diminishing return is where you will only change one of the fixed variables ofproduction, in the case of the law of diminishing return the only factor of production that ischanged is the amount of people in the workforce therefore the law of diminishing returns takesplace only in the short run as only one factor is altered. The law of diminishing returns will also effect the firms on a long term basis, as this lawhas a effect on how much income the firm will at its disposal. The law of diminishing return hasa direct effect on the amount of money that a firm has, therefore as the law of diminishing returnplays it self out companies will be adjusting their workforce causing either an increase ordecrease in their expenditure leaving them more money to spend later on in some cases. Withthis the firm will be able to upgrade their factors of production in the long term and this willdirectly effect their performance in the long run. This is because with this extra money the firmwill receive form the firing of wasteful employees can be used to upgrade factories, fields orother factors of production. When the other  factors of production are increased in the long termthan this will allow more workers to be hired and they will be able to make more revenue as wellas increases their output. For the steak holders and management of the firm the law of diminishing returns is aninvaluable resource that is used to maximize productivity of a firm. As perviously mentioned inthis paper the law of diminishing returns is a theory that was set in place so that firms, large orsmall will be able to maximize production as well as income. This will keep the firm is businessfor time to come as well as allow it to grow substantially with out hurting its feature. This willalso allow the firm owners to become more wealthy and this will give the owners andmanagement the option of using this extra income to improve the firms factors of production. In conclusion, the law of diminishing returns is a resource that is valuable to firmsby allowing them to ensure they are working at maximum efficiency. The law of diminishingreturns is a simple yet vital theory and concept for people to understand. The basis of firms canbe built upon the law of diminishing returns and can be extremely valuable. With out such a lawor theory firms would be lost and unable to produce goods at the same rate of productively asthey do with such a law. In all this law is one that must be understood for those looking tomanage and operate a effective firm in order for the firm to stay a completive business. Works Cited -Websites-1. Cannan, Edwin. â€Å"Economic Journal.† McMaster. 23 Mar. 1998. THE ORIGINOF THELAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS. 16 Oct. 2008 . 2. â€Å"David Ricardo.† Library of Economics and Liberty. 23 Dec. 2007. 16 Oct. 2008.

Arming Police Officers

‘Arming’ Police Officers After the recent murders of two unarmed police officers in Greater Manchester, the question has been raised that ‘should police officers be armed’? Fiona Bone and her colleague Nicola Hughes died after going out on a routine patrol to check a reported burglary. It appeared that they were lured to the address for a deliberate attack. The question of ‘would they have survived if they had been armed’ remains unknown but many people have their opinion which I will be discussing throughout.There can be a lot of benefits and disadvantages of ‘arming’ police officers in this country which I will be discussing along with the main issues raised in the article. One of the key issues raised in the article is that the two officers of this attack may have been victims of an ‘image boosting’ crime. This is where criminals specifically target police officers to be known as ‘folk heroes’ among the criminals. SIR PETER, F. 2012. ‘This case tells us something about the nature of organised crime, the level of intimidation that it creates and the fact people sometimes see others as folk heroes for being involved in this sort of activity. The Telegraph. 18 October. This suggests that officers in this country need to have more protection for themselves when facing criminals because they just don’t know what they are going to come up against. The two police officers who died weren’t expecting any trouble and thought they could easily handle it. There has been a number of incidents where police officers have been attacked and they had no protection for themselves such as when Raoul Moat threatened to kill police officers, including shooting one in the face and leaving him blind for the rest of his life.DARREN, R. 2012. ‘How many officers need to die before the powers realise that it is the 21st century and you cannot fight crime with an outdated piece of pla stic and a bit of spray. ’ The Telegraph. 18 October. Another key issue raised in the article is that a lot of other countries are armed to fight crime whereas here in the UK, there are only specific armed response units that go to specific incidents. In the article, the two police officers were going to a regular burglary allegation, unarmed and had no protection for themselves.The arguments over whether the police should be routinely armed go back to the creation of the capital’s first force by Robert Peel in 1829. Officers in the 19th century would very often carry a gun but British policing took a different direction from Europe and America by declining to issue weapons on a routine basis. This is because he wanted the police to be members of the public, in uniform who could be easily approached by the public without them being intimidated. PHILIP, J. 2012.The reason for this was set out in Peel’s principles of policing: he regarded the police as the public in uniform. Not for us the military-style continental carabinieri of whom the general populace walk in fear and distrust. Our police, said Peel, are civilians, members of the public â€Å"who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent upon every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence†. The Telegraph. 19 September.Without the use of guns, it has made our country a less violent place than those where the police are armed. On the other hand, it leaves our police more vulnerable to the hardened criminals who are prepared to use weapons such as guns and knives on civilians and our police officers as we have seen over the recent years. There is also another main issue that comes up in the article which is many people; including police officers are passionate about the British style of policing which is remaining unarmed despite the increasing numbers of attacks on innocent police officers.A 2006 survey showed that officers were very much against the idea of being armed. JON, K. 2012. A 2006 survey of 47,328 Police Federation members found 82% did not want officers to be routinely armed on duty, despite almost half saying their lives had been â€Å"in serious jeopardy† during the previous three years. BBC news magazine. 19 September. We have to remember that incidents such as the one that happened in Greater Manchester are extremely rare as gun crime remains low.As you can see from the diagram below, there has been a rise in firearm offences in England and Wales over the years but since 2008 it has been gradually decreasing from 10,000 offences in 2008, down to 7,000 in 2010. (BBC NEWS MAGAZINE) There are many advantages and disadvantages of regularly arming police officers in this country. It allows the officers to feel protected at all times, even when they’re not expecting anything to happen. There have been many incidents where police officers have been attacked and had nothing to protect them.Givi ng them the right to carry firearms would not only protect them but to let criminals know that they’re not afraid to use them. Fewer officers may die on duty if they were better protected. However, arming the police can lead to a spiral of violence. In places where the police are not routinely armed, a portion of criminals will not arm themselves. For example, armed robbery carries a higher sentence than robbery. Once the police are armed, criminals who do not match their capability have a disadvantage, therefore, when the police become routinely armed, the criminal world fully arms itself in response.This would potentially lead into an increase in weapon possession and use. Giving police officers the right to carry firearms could also make communities feel safer. The sight of armed police officers patrolling the streets will not only scare ‘gangs’ from harassing the public but will restore communities with confidence that they are being properly protected. This could also backfire because the public may feel intimidated by the firearms and feel that they couldn’t approach a police officer.Guns could potentially place a distance between the community and the police and have a negative effect. Day to day police checks such as spot checks on cars could seem a threat to the public. Also if police officers carry a firearm, they face the likely risk of having that weapon turned on them by a criminal. This could put police officers in greater risk. In conclusion to the question of ‘arming police officers’ there are a lot of benefits which would greatly help our police officers and our community but also a lot of threats which it may cause.As we can see, there are a lot of big issues that rise from the article such as the increase of ‘image boosting’ crime which unarmed police officers are being targeted and why there are only a handful of countries including the UK whose police forces are not routinely armed. The question that still remains is should our police officers be armed? My opinion is that there are too many high risks that arming our officers may cause. I think that gun crime in England and Wales is extremely low comparing to other countries where the police are routinely armed, gun crime is higher.

Analysis of the first sequences of the film Punch Drunk Love Essays

Analysis of the first sequences of the film Punch Drunk Love Essays Analysis of the first sequences of the film Punch Drunk Love Paper Analysis of the first sequences of the film Punch Drunk Love Paper Essay Topic: Film Punch-Drunk Love is above all a portrait of a personality type. P.T. Anderson utilizes many techniques to synchronize the experience of the protagonist, Barry, and the viewing audience, in order to effectively immerse the viewer in the universe Punch Drunk Love inhabits. Barry Egan has been damaged, perhaps beyond repair, by what he sees as the depredations of his domineering sisters. It drives him crazy when people nose into his business. He cannot stand to be trifled with. His world is entered by alarming omens and situations that baffle him. The character is vividly seen and the film sympathizes with him in his extremity. Music was an important mise en scene element through out this film. Music in this film plays two main roles: representing Barry Egans crippling,sometimes violent, anxiety and First scene starts with fade in to show the contrast between the large area and the small desk which is located in the corner of the large empty area. A wide angle lens is emphasizing Barrys smallness in it. Limited light emphasizes on Barry, and the limited light and limited colour will be important during the movie to show the abstract meanings. The first sound of the movie is heard by the Barrys phone conversion with the Healthy Choices representative to take advantage of the loophole in the promotion campaign of the firm. The phone calls are important during the movie which show the isolated Barry from the community and show the way of communication with people. He expresses himself clearly via telephone then contacting with face to face. The shade of blue on the warehouse wall and on the suit Barry wears are nearly same colour. Concept of the colour is an important mise en scene fort his movie, that is why some basic colour is used during the whole movie. While he is on the phon e he hears something. When he hangs up he picks up his thermos and walks across the room to understand the reason of the sound. The camera follows him into what seems like complete blackness while he is walking from the corner of the room to the door. Then the abrupt, rackety sound of the large metal door opening upward fills the soundtrack, and we see the dirty blue haze of a Los Angeles dawn. Barry shuffles outside and the camera swoops around his head, making sure to capture the tranquil ambiance of the morning atmosphere, and looks in the direction Barrys looking. The parking lot is out of focus, but after a few beats, the focus pulls back and we see everything that Barry sees. He looks down a long alley, which leads to a main road. It introduces the audience to its unorthodox presentation of its maladroit main character, startling noises, quirky humor, suggestive lighting, alternately static and sweeping camerawork, and complete spatial reorientation. Barry is then shown at the mouth of the driveway, looking out at the road. The color of his surroundings has become dull and darker than they first appeared. The street is deserted, and the cameras perspective is now assumed to be Barrys. As the ambient noise dies down, the audience now views the street from the protagonists point of view, fixed on two cars approaching from the distant left corner of the screen. Suddenly, one flips without warning, loudly tumbling closer to the viewer as the camera follows it down the street. The accident, a taxi immediately pulls up to the driveway, leaving a harmonium. Stunned and confused, Barry walks up to it and examines it for some time. Once more, the ambient noise fades away, and he is shown in an extreme longshot from the other side of the street. Suddenly, a truck noisily passes by, prompting Barry to quickly pick up the Harmonium and run to his office. The second secene starts with Barry (Adam Sandler) is making a business talk over the phone on his desk. After his phone call, he goes outside to look for the piano. In the mean time a car entered to his offices garage. This is the time when Barry meets Lena Leonard (Emily Watson) with her attractive red drees. She asks him to look after her broken-down car (In the future he meets Lena Leonard again. She is introduced to Barry by his sister Elizabeth, one of her co-workers). It seems like she dropped her car off because she wanted to see him after seeing a picture of him with Elizabeth. When Lena leaves the garage, Barry he hides back of the door and gasps of breath. Scene ends with when Barry watching Lena from back the door. It seems like he is attracted from her. Second scene starts with Barrys phone call with a medium shot giving an impression of the Barry expressions. The shot emphasizes the color blue the visual backdrop is slightly tinted, and Barry`s suit is also dark blue. Then the camera moves tracking forward when Barry walks out of his office. A long shot is made when Barry is looking to the piano and with the enterance of Lena`s car. At the mean time the audience hears natural sounds like the voice of the brake. The camare stopped at the medium shot to show Barry`s and Lena`s conversation and their acting more clearly. The audience sees that Barry is acting weird (it was like he gets excited). Steadicam shot follows Lena from behind as she is walking away from the camera, but Anderson holds it for longer than we expect and through it we somehow understand all we need to know about this woman. Then Lena turns back to see Barry and a subjective shot made from Lena`s point of view. Camera exits from subjective shot and turned into a long shot. A cut made and camera starts to show Barry in a dark corner. Again we heard the sound of klaxon of the truck (natural sound). Anderson is using the sound as an additional form of expression, used to heighten the connection with Barrys emotional and psychological feelings. So the audience understands that something happens in the emotions of Barry. A shallow focuses (the opposite of deep focus, which keeps only one plane in sharp focus, Direct the viewers attention to one element of a scene) used which makes audience`s attention to Barry with an extreme close up to his eyes. Anderson uses a different visual technique in the second scene is the lens flare. When Lena and Barry is talking a lens flare appears (looks like a rainbow) with a mixture of colors red, blue, white, yellow. Anderson is embracing the lens flare as a form of expression in this film. The lens flare is does heighten the emotion of a particular scene. Ultimately the lens flare is representing the presence of love. Through the use of the lens flare, Anderson is heightening the feeling Barry and Lena have for each other as an additional form of visual expression In the scene the most important mise en scene element is the blue suit or the blue color. Blue is used throughout the film as an indication of Barrys emotional state of loneliness. Obviously the most notable example is the blue suit Barry is seen wearing throughout the film. Blue is found in both Barrys home and at his office, and very much represents a part of him. This scene is the first time that Barry feels something to woman (meta movement). Additionally this scene foreshadows that the life of Barry will change after meeting with Lena Leonard, the loneliness will end. However the audience can have absolutely no idea what will happen next. One more interesting thing that the clip shows is after the main theme starts To swell; the film cuts to several slowly moving, colorful, nondiegetic images. Over The colors, a collage of all the different types of music can be heard. In a way, this Scene gives away the whole movie (at least musically), which implies a sort of fate For Barry and Lena. The artwork (even in short moments) is beautifully breathtaking, and seem to work perfectly within the mood and flow of the films narrative. Anderson is essentially stretching the boundaries of cinematic narrative with this visual expression. Aside from Blakes artwork, Anderson uses several key colors to express the emotions and narrative of the film. The most obvious is the use of Blue, Red, and White. Throughout Punch-Drunk Love, Anderson places these colors within the emotional and physical environment of Barrys character Punch-Drunk Love (2002) Analysis of excerpt [09:35-10:35] The movie Punch-Drunk Love, tells the story of a small-business owner, whose mundane life starts to become interesting after he finds a harmonium and meets a woman, with whom he then falls in love. The excerpt consists of two shots. The first shot takes place in an office, where the main character is in a dialogue with a supporting character. The shot begins with a Medium Long Shot and becomes Medium Close Up as the main character moves towards the camera. The character is centered and the camera follows the character from inside the office to the outside, which is actually a warehouse. The cam seems to be a steady cam, because the image seems stable, it is probably a Dolly cam. The door of the warehouse was observed to be open in the previous scene, so while we were only hearing a slow background music at the beginning, it is then mixed with the street-noise, as the main character gets out of the office, into the warehouse. After that, we hear the sound of another person, a possible customer, who just entered the warehouse and took the attention of the main character. He then, turns to the camera, which is an example of Frontality. The scene decor consists of ordinary office equipments and in contrast to that, a harmonium in the middle, which is the point of interest of both the characters in this shot. The light looks like a natural light without much contrast difference, it can even be considered as dark. The costume of the supporting character is daily work clothes, but the main character wears a suit, which surprised the supporting character in the previous scene. This shows that the main character put extra effort on that day, because of a certain reason. The second shot is basically, a continuous change of images and colors, fading, changing forms and colors, then changing into an image, which looks like a sky full of stars, that shine spontaneously and then again fades and changes to a different type of color shapes. This shot can have different meanings, but considering the next scene, where the characters have the same clothes on, but seems like a different time; this shot shows that it is just an ordinary day, just like the other days, no distinguishable differences. It just indicates a time difference in the same day. The music in the background is still the same as the previous shot; a slow-music, which sort of moves with the changing colors and images. But the noise from the street is filtered in this shot.

Recycled Black Berry phones Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Recycled Black Berry phones - Assignment Example Activity durations can be defined as the procedure of estimating the amount of work related periods which would be required in order to accomplish respective activities within the approximated resources. With reference to the prepared Gantt Chart of the activities, it can be determined that the entire project schedule related to recycling of Blackberry phones would require six activities to be undertaken. The first activity is collection and arrangement of all report relating to the availability of manpower and resources. This activity will require approximately four weeks’ time period. In order to complete this activity, the three major estimated resources that will be required include project manager who would manage the whole project. Apart from this, the HR manager would help the project manager by providing relevant report with regard to the competent and skilled manpower resources, who would be able to take part in this project. Production manager would also be a key pla yer and resource who would aid the project manager through rendering information about various production related activities that would be a key element of the project. Moreover, the second activity of the recycled Blackberry phones project is preparing a brief framework about the immediate tasks concerning the procurement of additional resources. For fulfilling this activity, there will be a need of around six weeks’ time and the required resources will be new technology which will help for building the framework and providing proper guidelines for the resources. With human resources manager and procurement manager’s help the project manager will be able to fulfill the activity. ... around six weeks’ time and the required resources will be new technology which will help for building the framework and providing proper guidelines for the resources. With human resources manager and procurement manager’s help the project manager will be able to fulfill the activity. The third activity is to make suitable amount of improvements in relation to the available facilities in the plant in a timely basis. In order to accomplish this activity, the required duration would be three weeks and it can be possible to be undertaken after completing the above two activities. For completing this task, there is a need of obtaining valuable inputs from site manager who can aid the project manager to design the plan for the recycled Blackberry phones. Availability of updated facilities in the plant can enable the project to regulate in a smooth manner. Apart from site manager, there is requirement of deriving valuable contributions from workers along with registering a pro per budgetary plan for completing the project. Another activity related to the project is setting provisions pertaining to the basic requirements concerning proper electricity backup, machinery requirements and technical assistance among others. For completing this activity, a work period of four weeks will be required and it will be started before finishing the third activity as the activity of improving the plant could be completed successfully only with the aid of technical assistance and machinery upgradation. For electricity backup, there is a need to ensure the availability of inverter and computer backup through UPS technology. Apart from these, in order to regulate this activity, the valuable inputs of an electrical engineer along with workers in terms of technical assistance would be

Coming to Conclution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coming to Conclution - Essay Example While it is necessary to consider the input offered by the stakeholders, such as grandparents and the social workers, long delays in gathering and evaluating the information can work to the detriment of the child. The study used in-depth focus groups with social workers to determine how, why, and in which fashion evidence could become tainted or distorted. The study pointed out the areas that the interviewees perceived as being prone to rendering an inadequate decision. The ability to weigh chronic and ongoing abuse against the emotionally charged single event of acute abuse was one of the difficulties pointed out by the study (Beckett, McKeigue, and Taylor, 2007, p.57). The study contended that the less significant abuse that formed a pattern was often disregarded if there was some more recent evidence that demonstrated an ability to change (Beckett, McKeigue, and Taylor, 2007, p.61). The study also demonstrated that the social workers were caught in a situation of conflicting roles. The study noted that while the social workers were expected to advocate for the parents, they are also in an adversarial role of, "†¦limit setters, enforcers and, if the case comes to court, witnesses "for the prosecution"" (Beckett, McKeigue, and Taylor, 2007, p.59). These scenarios produce a situation where the parents and the children are not ful ly and adequately represented. The study recognized that delayed proceedings always work to the detriment of the child (Beckett, McKeigue, and Taylor, 2007, p.60). Yet, all of the steps needed to acquire adequate and complete information results in delays. The study concluded by suggesting that the proceedings could be sped up and give a better outcome by eliminating the adversarial format that is currently used (Beckett, McKeigue, and Taylor, 2007, p.62). The researchers further recommend that the participants in the proceedings have a better support system to reduce the effect of personal goals and aid to keep the past in its